Articles
Vol. 10 (2022)
Ruthenian and Russian Innovations in the Sacrament of Penance and their Early Eighteenth-Century Consequences
State University of New York at Albany
Abstract
Orthodox Christian approaches to the sacrament of penance in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries are a story of adaptation, reception, and sometimes unintended consequences. In the middle of the seventeenth century, Ruthenian theologians like Metropolitan Petro Mohyla, Ioannikii Haliatovskyi, and Innokentii Gizel’ adapted what they thought useful from the confessional diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into Orthodox practice. Faced with a different set of challenges, contemporary Moscow-based clerics, including Patriarch Nikon, decided to adapt many of these confession-related changes for their own purposes. In the eighteenth century, Ruthenian hierarchs including Dymytrii Tuptalo and Teofan Prokopovych, alternately emphasized or instrumentalized such notions as the secrecy (‘seal’) of the confession that would become foundational in the Russian empire. The approaches to the sacrament of penance at the turn of the eighteenth century—simultaneously constitutive and transformational—are thus a curious case of histoire croisée, with shape-shifting intercrossing at multiple national and confessional levels.
References
- Almazov, Aleksandr Ivanovich. Taĭnaia ispoved’ v pravoslavnoĭ vostochnoĭ tserkvi. Opyt vneshneĭ istorii. 3 vols. Odessa: Tipografīia Shtaba Odesskago Voennago Okruga, 1894.
- Arkhiv Iugozapadnoĭ Rossīi, izdavaemyĭ vremennoi︠u︡ kommissīei︠u︡ dli︠a︡ razbora drevnikh aktov. Kyiv: Universitetskai︠a︡ tip., 1859-1914, 8 parts in 36 v, t. 9 ch. 1.
- Bailey, Heather L. “‘The churches that call themselves orthodox’: Nomenclature for Russian Orthodoxy in Nineteenth-Century France.” Journal of Orthodox Christian Studies 2, no. 2 (2019): 149-177.
- Balaban, Gedeon. Striatanskiĭ Trebnik. Krylos: Tipografiia Ivana Fëdorova, 1606.
- Berezhnaya, Liliya. “Does Ukraine Have a Church History?” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 10, no. 4 (Fall 2009): 897-916.
- Bogdanov, Andreĭ Petrovich. Russkie patriarkhi 1589-1700 gg vol. 2. Moscow: TERRA, 1999.
- Borisov, V.E. “Taĭna ispovedi, protsedura sudoproizvodstva i povsednevnaia zhizn’ gosudarevykh masterovykh v otdel’no vziatom dele o semi rubliakh (1666 g.) publikatsiia i issledovanie.” In Sbornik stateĭ i publikatsiĭ posviashchennyĭ Andreiu Alekseevichu Bulychevu, 17-37. Moscow: Drevlekhranilishche, 2019.
- Brüning, Alfons. “‘Kyivan Christianity’ and ‘Churches of the Kyivan Tradition’: Concepts of Distinctiveness of Christianity in Ukraine before and after 2019.” In Orthodoxy in Two Manifestations? The Conflict in Ukraine as Expression of a Fault Line in World Orthodoxy, edited by Thomas Bremer, Alfons Brüning, and Nadieszda Kizenko, 145-172. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2022.
- Brüning, Alfons. “Peter Mohyla’s Orthodox and Byzantine Heritage: Religion and Politics in the Kyivan Church Reconsidered.” In Von Moskau Nach St. Petersburg: Das Russische Reich Im 17. Jahrhundert, edited by Hans-Joachim Torke, 63-90. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2000.
- Bujalski, Nicholas. “Narrating Political Imprisonment in Tsarist Russia: Bakunin, Goethe, Hegel.” Modern Intellectual History 18, no. 3 (2021): 681-707.
- Callahan, William James and David Higgs, eds. Church and Society in Catholic Europe of the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
- Chrissidis, Nikolaos. “Between Forgiveness and Indulgence: Funerary Prayers of Absolution in Russia.” In The Tapestry of Russian Christianity: Studies in History and Culture, edited by Nickolas Lupinin, Donald Ostrowski, and Jennifer B. Spock, 261-294. Columbus, OH: Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures and the Resource Center for Medieval Slavic Studies, The Ohio State University, 2016.
- Council of Trent. “Teaching Concerning the Most Holy Sacrament of Penance and Anointing.” In Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, 2 vols., edited by Norman P. Tanner. London: Sheed & Ward, 1990.
- Cracraft, James. The Church Reform of Peter the Great. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1971.
- Dixon, Simon. ‘“Prosveshchenie’: Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Russia.” In Peripheries of the Enlightenment, edited by Richard Butterwick, Simon Davies, and Gabriel Sanchez Espinosa, 233-250. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Dimitriĭ, Saint, Metropolitan of Rostov, 1651-1709. “Piramida ili stolp, vo blazhennoĭ pamiat prestavl’shagosia vysotsie k Bogu prevelebnago, ego milosti, gospodina otsa Innokentiia Gizelia,” in Sochineniia sviatago Dimitriia, Mitropolita Rostovskago. Moscow: Sinodal’naia tipografiia, 1848.
- Dimitriĭ, Saint, Metropolitan of Rostov, 1651-1709. “Poslanie k ereĭam.” In Epistoliar’noe nasledie Dimitriia Rostovskogo: issledovanie i teksty, edited by M.A. Fedotova, 201-207. Moscow: Indrik, 2005.
- Dimitriĭ, Saint, Metropolitan of Rostov, 1651-1709. Poucheniia i propovedi Tvoreniia 3 vols. http://azbyka.ru/otechnik/?Dmitrij_Rostovskij/pouchenija-i-propovedi.
- Dimitriĭ, Saint, Metropolitan of Rostov, 1651-1709. Sochineniia Dimitriia, Mitropolita Rostovskogo 7th edition. Moscow: Sinodal’naia tipografiia, 1848.
- Evkhologii, siest’ molitvoslov ili trebnik. Moscow: n.p., 1658.
- Evkhologion ili Trebnik. Kyiv: izd. V sv. Velikoĭ Chudotvornoĭ Lavre, 1646; repr. Kyiv: Informatsiĭno-vydavnychyĭ tsentr Ukraïnskoĭ Pravoslavnoĭ Tserkvi, 2004.
- Florovskiĭ, Georgiĭ. Puti Russkogo Bogoslaviia. Paris, 1937; repr. Paris: YMCA Press, 1981.
- Frick, David. Meletij Smotryc’kyj. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute Publications, 1995.
- Geldhof, Joris. “Trent and the Production of Liturgical Books in its Aftermath.” In The Council of Trent: Reform and Controversy in Europe and Beyond (1545-1700) vol. 1, edited by Wim François and Violet Soen, 175-190. Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 2018.
- Gidulianov, P.V. “Vopros o taĭnoĭ ispovedi i dukhovnikakh vostochnoĭ tserkvi v noveĭshei russkoĭ literature.” Vizantiĭskii vremennik 14 (1907): 409-13.
- Gizel’: Innokentiĭ. Mir s bogom cheloveku ili Pokaianie sviatoe, primiriaiushchee bogov i cheloveka, ucheniem ot pisaniia sviatogo i ot uchiteleĭ tserkovnykh sobrannym vol. 1 book 2. Kyiv-Lviv: Svichado Press, 2009.
- Guguev, Yury K. “Obychaĭ klast’ razreshitel’nye dokumenty v mogilu umershego v Drevneĭ Rusi, na Balkanakh i v Zapadnoĭ Evrope (X-XV vv.).” In Fakty i Znaki: issledovaniia po semiotike istorii vol. 4, edited by B. A. Uspenskiĭ and F.B. Uspenskiĭ, 130-158. Moscow: Neolit, 2020.
- Haliatovs’kyĭ, Ioannikiĭ. Kliuch razumeniia, sviashchennikom, zakonnym i svetsrim nalezhachyĭ. Kyiv”: druk. Kyivo-Pecherskoĭ Lavry, 1659; repr. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1985.
- “K resheniiu voprosov iz oblasti pastyrskoĭ praktiki.” Rukovodstvo dlia sel’skikh pastyreĭ 3, no. 50 (12 December 1899): 356-358.
- Karabinov, Ivan Alekseevich. Postnaia triod’: Istoricheskiĭ obzor eia plana, sostava, redaktsiĭ i slavianskikh perevodov. Saint Petersburg: tipografiia V.D. Smirnova, 1910.
- Kashtanov, Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich. “Eshchë raz o meste zakhoroneniia ostankov Stepana Razina.” Istoriia: nauchnoobrazovatel'nyi zhurnal 5, no. 8 (31) (2014).
- Kharlampovich, K. V. Malorossiĭskoe vliianie na velikorusskuiu tserkovnuiu zhizn’. Kazan’: Knizhyīĭ Magazin M. A. Golubeva, 1914; repr. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
- Keenan, Edward. “Muscovite Perceptions of Other East Slavs before 1654: An Agenda for Historians.” In Ukraine and Russia in Their Historical Encounter, edited by Peter J. Potichnyj, Marc Raeff, Jaroslaw Pelenski, and Gleb N. Žekulin, 20-38. Edmonton, AB: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1992.
- Kizenko, Nadieszda. Good for the Souls: A History of Confession in the Russian Empire. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2021.
- Kizenko, Nadieszda. “The Poltava Battle in Language and Liturgy.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 31 no. 1/4 (2009-2010): 227-269.
- Kniga o vere edinoĭ istinnoĭ pravoslavnoĭ. Moscow: n.p., 1648.
- Korogodina, Mariia V. Ispoved’ v Rossii v XIV-XIX vv.. Saint Petersburg: Dmitriĭ Bulanin, 2006. .
- Korzo, Margarita. “‘Myr z bohom choloviku’ Innokentiia Gizelia v konteksti katolyts’koĭ moral’noĭ teolohii kintsia XVI-pershoĭ polovyny XVII st.” In Inokentii Gizel’. Vybrani tvory u 3kh tt., edited by Larysa Dovha, 195-262. Kyiv: Svichado Press, 2010.
- Korzo, Margarita. “Osvoenie katolicheskoĭ traditsii moskovskimi i Kyivskimi knizhnikami XVII veka: Innokentii Gizel’ i Simeon Polotskii.” In Pravoslavie Ukrainy i Moskovskoĭ Rusi v XV-XVII vv: obshchee i razlichnoe, edited by M. V. Dmitriev, 290-301. Moscow: Indrik, 2012.
- Korzo, Margarita. “Pravoslavnoe nravstvennoe bogoslovie XVII v. i ego spetsifika: “Mir s Bogom cheloveku” (Kyiv, 1669).” Ėticheskaia mysl’ 18, no. 2 (2018): 56-71.
- Korzo, Margarita. “Pravoslavnye posobiia o podgotovke k ispovedi XVII v. i ikh istochniki: ‘Nauka o taĭne Sv. Pokaianiia’ (Kyiv, 1671).” Vestnik PSTGU: Seriia II: Istoriia. Istoriia Russkoĭ Pravoslavnoĭ Tserkvi 78 (2017): 22-45.
- Korzo, Margarita. “Vneshniaia traditsiia kak istochnik vdokhnoveniia. K voprosu ob avtorstve Kyivskikh i moskovskikh pravoslavnykh tekstov XVII v. Dva primera.” Studi Slavistici 6, no. 2 (December 2009), 59-84.
- Kostomarov, Nikolaĭ Ivanovich. Russkaia istoriia v zhizneopisaniiakh ee glavneĭshikh deiateleĭ vol. 2, 6th ed. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia M.M. Stasiulevicha, 1912.
- Krausmüller, Dirk. “‘Monks who are not priests do not have the power to bind and to loose’: the debate about confession in eleventh- and twelfth-century Byzantium.” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 109, no. 2 (2016): 739-68.
- Leskov, N.S. “Velikopostnyĭ ukaz Petra Velikago.” Istoricheskiĭ vestnik vol. 4 (1882): 233-234.
- Meyendorff, Paul. Russia, Ritual, and Reform: The Liturgical Reforms of Nikon in the 17th Century. Yonkers, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1991.
- Meyers, W. David. ‘Poor, Sinning Folk:’ Confession and Conscience in Counter-Reformation Germany. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.
- Michels, Georg Bernhard. At War with the Church: Religious Dissent in Seventeenth-Century Russia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
- Mode, Richard. “Beichtsiegel und Zeugnisspflicht nach den Reichsprocessordnungen.” Archiv für Katholisches Kirchenrecht 82 (1902): 480-486.
- Mogila, Pëtr Simeonovich. Evkhologion ili Trebnik. Lviv: Tipografiia Stavropigiĭskogo bratstva, 1698.
- Muller, Alexander V. “The Inquisitorial Network of Peter the Great.” In Russian Orthodoxy Under the Old Regime, edited by Robert L. Nichols & Theofanis George Stavrou, 142-153. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1978.
- Nalle, Sarah T. “Self-correction and social change in the Spanish Counter-Reformation.” In Religion and the Early Modern State: Views form China, Russia, and the West, edited by James D. Tracy & Marguerite Ragnow, 302-323. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
- Okhotnikova, V.I. “Povest’ o Pskovo-Pecherskom monastyre.” In Biblioteka literatury drevneĭ rusi vol. 13, 528-530. Saint Petersburg: Nauka, 2005.
- Păcurariu, Mircea. Geschichte der Rumänischen Orthodoxen Kirche. Erlangen: Lehrstuhl für Geschichte und Theologie des christlichen Ostens, 1994.
- Pavlov, A.S. Nomokanon pri Bol’shom Trebnike. Moscow: Tipografiia G. Lissera i A. Geshlikha, 1897.
- Petrov, Vasiliĭ. “Razreshitel’naia molitva v Grecheskoĭ Tserkvi kontsa XVIII veka na primere knigi prep. Nikodima Sviatogortsa «Rukovodstvo k ispovedi.»” Relihia v Ukraïni: Mirkuĭ razom iz namy: Nezalezhnyi internet-resurs (28 February 2013). https://www.religion.in.ua/zmi/foreign_zmi/20860-razreshitelnaya-molitva-v-%20grecheskoj-cerkvi-konca-xviii-veka-na-primere-knigi-prep-nikodima-svyatogorca-rukovodstvo-k-ispovedi.html.
- Petrovskiĭ, Aleksandr. “Uchitel’noe Izviestie pri slavianskom Sluzhebnike.” Khristianskoe Chtenie 4 (1911), 552-572.
- Pipes, Richard. Russia Under the Old Regime 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 1997.
- Polotskiĭ, Simeon. Obed dushevnyĭ. Moscow: Tipografiia verkhnaia, 1681.
- Polnoe sobranie postanovleniĭ i rasporiazheniĭ po vedomstvu pravoslavnogo ispovedaniia Rossiĭskoĭ imperii. Saint Petersburg: Sinodal’naia tipografiia, 1879-1914. http://lib.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=4945.
- Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiĭskoĭ imperii. Saint Petersburg: E. I. V. kansteliarii, 1830.
- Popelyastyy, Vasyl’. “Bohoslov’ia sviatoho taïnstva pokoiannia: skhidnĭi pravoslavnyĭ pohliad (druha polovyna XVI-persha polovyna XVII stolit’.” Analecta of the UCU Series: Theology 2 (2015): 224-258.
- Popelyastyĭ, Vasyl’. “The Post-Tridentine Theology of the Sacrament of Penance on the Basis
- of the Rituale Romanum (1614).” In The Council of Trent: Reform and Controversy in Europe and Beyond (1545-1700) vol. 1, edited by Wim François and Violet Soen, 191-220. Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 2018.
- Puzović, Vladislav. “Uticaj Duhovnog Regulamenta (1721) na Sveštenička i Monaška Pravila mitropolota Beogradsko-Karlovačkog Vićentija (Jovanovića).” Zbornik Maticesrpske za Istoriju 90 (2014): 37-54.
- Rapp, Claudia. “Spiritual Guarantors at Penance, Baptism, and Ordination.” In A New History of Penance, edited by Abigail Firey, 128-148. Leiden: Brill, 2008.
- Rosendale, Timothy. Liturgy and Literature in the Making of Protestant England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- Rossiĭskaia Gosudarstvennaia Biblioteka fond rukopiseĭ, f. 304.l, ms. no 238, ll. 1-27, 53-2100b, 390b-42.
- Rossiĭskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ arkhiv drevnikh aktov BMST/SPK 5651, 65.
- Rossiĭskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ istoricheskiĭ arkhiv f. 796 op. 32 del. 163 ll. 32-2, 80-800b.
- Sazonova, Nataliia Ivanovna. “Liturgicheskaia reforma patriarkha Nikona 1654-1666 gg.: antropologicheskiĭ aspekt (na materialakh Hikonovskogo ispravleniia Trebnika i Chasoslova).” Vestnik RUDN, ser. Istoriia Rossii, no. 4 (2010): 62-74.
- Sazonova, Nataliia Ivanovna. “Nekotorye tendentsii ispravleniia bogosluzhebnykh knig pri patriarkhe Nikone (na materialakh Trebnika).” Bogoslov.ru: Nauchnyĭ bogoslovskiĭ portal. 5 November 2008. https://bogoslov.ru/article/351158.
- Savëlov, Ivan Petrovick (Patriarkh Ioakim). Zhitie i zaveshchanie sviateĭshego patriarkha Moskovskogo Ioakima. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia V.S. Balasheva, 1879.
- Shaffern, Robert W. “Learned Discussions of Indulgences for the Dead in the Middle Ages.” Church History 61, no. 4 (December 1992): 367-381.
- Smilianskaia, Elena. “The Battle against Superstition in Eighteenth-Century Russia: Between ‘Rational’ and ‘Spiritual.’” In Enlightenment and Religion in the Orthodox World, edited by Paschalis M. Kitromilides, 141-155. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
- Smirnov, Sergeĭ Ivanovich. Drevnerusskiĭ dukhovnik. Issledovanie po istorii tserkovnago byta. Moscow: Sinodal’naia tipografiia, 1914.
- Smotritskiĭ, Meletiĭ. Grammatika. Moscow: Pechatnyĭ dvor, 1648.
- Sorkin, David. The Religious Enlightenment: Protestants, Jews, and Catholics from London to Vienna. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.
- Sysyn, Frank E. “Orthodoxy and Revolt: The Role of Religion in the Seventeenth-Century Ukrainian Uprising Against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.” In Religion and the Early Modern State: Views From China, Russia, and the West, edited by James D. Tracy and Marguerite Ragnow, 154-184. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
- Tentler, Thomas M. Sin and Confession on the Eve of the Reformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977.
- Thyrêt, Isolde. Saint-Making in Early Modern Russia: Religious Traditions and Innovation in the Cult of Nil Stolobenskii. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, 2019.
- Tikhomirov, K. “Opis’ Suzdal’skogo Spaso Evfimieva monastyria v 1660 g.” In Vremennik imperatorskago Moskovskago obshchestva istorii i drevnostei rossiĭskikh vol. 5. Moscow: Universitetskaia tipografiia, 1850.
- Torrance, Alexis. Repentance in Late Antiquity: Eastern Asceticism and the Framing of the Christian Life ca. 400-650 CE. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
- Trebnik. Moscow: n.p., 1651.
- Trebnik. Moscow: n.p., 1683.
- Trebnik. Moscow: Sinodal’naia tipografiia, 1915.
- Triodion, ciest’ tripesnets. Moscow: Sinodal’naia tipografiia, 1777.
- Vinogradskiĭ, Nikolaĭ. Tserkovnyi sobor v Moskve 1682 goda: opyt istoriko-kriticheskogo issledovaniia. Smolensk: parovaia tipografiia Ia.N. Podzemskogo, 1899.
- Vorgrimler, Herbert. Buße und Krankensalbung. Handbuch der Dogmensgeschichte. Band IV, Sakramente, Eschatologie, 2nd ed. Basel-Vienna: Herder, 1978.
- Werner, Michael and Bénédicte Zimmermann. “Beyond Comparison: Histoire Croisée and the Challenge of Reflexivity.” History and Theory 45, no. 1 (February 2006): 30-50.
- Zhivov, Viktor. Iz tserkovnoĭ istorii vremen Petra Velikogo: issledovaniia i materialy. Moscow: NLO, 2004.
- Zizaniĭ Tustanovskiĭ, Lavrentiĭ. Bol’shoĭ Katekhizis. Moscow: n.p., 1627.